Set of sixty miniature heads used in phrenology, Manchester, England, 1831http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=5000&image=2
Phrenology originated with Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), a German physician, assisted by his colleague, Johann Kaspar Spurzheim (1809-72). Phrenologists believed that the shape and size of various areas of the brain (and therefore the overlying skull) determined personality.